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This article throws some light on what the Bible and the Quran say about some hot women issues that demand some concerns; they are:

Who was the first sinner, Adam or Eve?

And the impact of Eve’ sin that negatively affected every woman

A woman should learn in quietness

A woman is not allowed to be a teachers and

A woman is not permitted to have authority over a man

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In the Bible, Women are to walk in modesty, adorned with good works, and to learn in silence. A woman was forbidden to teach or to exercise authority over men; she was to abide in quietness and silence.

Saint Paul appoints women to learn in the public assemblies with silence and modesty, being dressed pleasantly, without any overindulgence or excess in their clothing.

Why, it is not lawful for women to teach in the congregation, because by this means they would be placed above men, for they would be their masters: and this is against Gods ordinance.   For Adam was first formed, then Eve.

Saint Paul proves this ordinance of God, by which the woman is subject to man, first because God made the woman after man, for, mans sake.

And Adam was not g deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression.

Then, because after her sin, the Lord God punished the woman, because she made Adam deceived by her, and therefore she is worthily for this reason subject to her husband, and ought to be.

As woman was last in the creation, which is one reason for her subjection, so she was first in the transgression.

However, the women’ subjection does not hinder them from being saved; they will be saved through childbearing; if they behave themselves in those duties of marriage in a holy and modest manner; if they continue in faith, love and holiness with propriety and sanctification with sobriety. Good women may and ought to teach their children at home the principles of true religion.

In conclusion, Women who continue in sobriety, shall be saved in child-bearing

Herein, some question may arouse:

1) What if the woman is not married and has no childbearing, would not she be saved according to Saint Paul teachings?

2) What about women who have authority like the queens, princesses, prime-minister, ministers, bosses, supervisors, managers, chiefs etc. who disobeyed Saint Paul teachings, are they all sinners and will not she be saved according to Saint Paul teachings?

3) According to Saint Paul teachings, most if not all the Western women are sinners and would not be saved.

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The Quran

1) Adam erred first, Not Eve

Verses 20:115-122 of the Quran give the details of the story of Adam, Eve and Satan.

Verse 20: 121 says that Adam erred and disobeyed his lord by eating from the tree, and allowed himself to be seduced; so went astray.

2) In the Hereafter, male and female is Equal; any female shall be admitted into Paradise by her faith and righteous deeds regardless of a) childbearing, b) her color, c) her race, d) her location, etc.

This meaning is repeated many times in the Quran, as for example, in verses 4:124, 16:97, 40:40 etc.

Verse 4:124 says:

And whoever does, any, righteous deeds, whether male or female, and is a believer, such shall be admitted into Paradise, and not be wronged, by as much as, the dint in a date-stone.

Verse 16:97 says:

Whoever acts righteously, whether male or female, and is a believer, him verily Allah shall revive with a goodly life. This is said to be life in Paradise.

And Allah shall surely pay them their reward according to the best of what they used to do.

Verse 40:40 says:

Whoever does an evil deed shall not be requited except with the like of it; but whoever acts righteously, whether male or female, and is a believer, such shall be admitted into Paradise wherein they will be provided without any reckoning, an abundant provision is given to them unconditionally.

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The Bible,

1Timothy 2:11-15 (American Standard Version)

11) Let a woman learn in quietness with all subjection.

12) But I permit not a woman to teach, nor to have dominion over a man, but to be in quietness.

13) For Adam was first formed, then Eve;

14) And Adam was not beguiled, but the woman being beguiled hath fallen into transgression:

15) But she shall be saved through her child-bearing, if they continue in faith and love and sanctification with sobriety.

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The Quran, Yusuf Ali Translation

Verse 4:124

If any do deeds of righteousness, – is they male or female – and have faith, they will enter heaven, and not the least injustice will be done to them.

Verse 16:97

Whoever works righteousness, man or woman, and has faith, verily, to him will we give a new life, a life that is good and pure and we will bestow on such their reward according to the best of their actions.

Verse 40:40

“He that works evil will not be requited but by the like thereof: and he that works a righteous deed – whether man or woman – and is a believer- such will enter the garden (of bliss): therein will they have abundance without measure.

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Type in a couple of womens health fitness keywords into Google or any one of the many search engines and what do you get? You get some great sites related to womens health fitness and more

There are tons of womens health fitness websites some are little more than advertisements but many others provide a terrific supply of information relating to womens issues. Scientific research, data from studies, health conditions, nutrition, and fitness, as well as prevention and treatment information.

It’s important for women to get accurate information about issues that directly relate to their health and that includes the latest on womens health fitness. What was thought the best advice only a year or so ago has now been improved.

For example today it is a well known fact that women suffer heart attacks at the same rate as men but they often present differently to emergency wards to many go undiagnosed. It has also bee shown that womens health fitness is critical to keeping women healthier especially after menopause when their natural protection dwindles.

Studies have also shown that women health fitness can make a big difference in a womens ability to maintain here weight. It seems after 40 women get the privilege of a few extra pounds suddenly appearing around the waste line and so with some proper exercise routines you can better defy mother nature.

Womens health fitness is finally getting the same attention that mens has for decades. Suddenly we realize that besides helping to keep the pounds off women also need to make sure that they are taking care of their cardio workouts.

This brings us to another subject – weight loss. For many women this is an ongoing battle that’s not easy to resolve. Many would love to convince you that you need all kinds of diet pills to lose those pounds when really what you need is much simpler. You need to ensure that the calories you are burning exceed the calories you are taking in.

There are plenty of excellent health fitness resource sites for women and there are just as many terrific magazines that are full of helpful exercise tips, nutritional tips, and all kinds of tips to have you looking and feeling great. And isn’t that what all women want? To look and feel their best?

Women may a great deal more attention to how they look and feel then men do. In general women are much more in tune to the signals their bodies are sending them and they are also much more interested in health fitness and how it affects their overall well being.

Men are more interested in fitness to great a buff, polished look although slowly they are beginning to recognize and understand the value of a cardio workout. Women on the other hand have long understood how their health fitness and their overall well being were directly related. And for one to have a terrific overall well being they needed to have a good health fitness ethic.

Suleiman (2006) defined entrepreneurship as “the willingness and ability of an individual to seek for investment opportunities to establish and run an enterprise successfully” while Drucker viewed an entrepreneur as a person who perceives business opportunities and takes advantage of the scarce resources and uses them profitably. Entrepreneurs are job creators and/or become self-employed rather than seekers of jobs in an overstretched public service. Using USA standard, a woman-owned enterprise is a small enterprise that is at least 51% owned, managed and operated by one or more women.

A small-scale farming is a farm holding established on a land area of not less than 5 hectares. In Nigeria, most of the small-scale farming enterprises are owned by men. This does not imply that Nigerian women agriculturists are not desirous of expanding their businesses due to so many challenges which border on gender issues, economic or socio-cultural barriers as well as government unfavourable policies. This paper, a purely descriptive research, employs secondary data to expound on the issues and challenges confronting the development of the Nigerian women to full blown agro- entrepreneurs for national economic advancement. The rest of the discussion in this paper is organized along the following issues;

·        Women’s potentials in entrepreneurial skills.

·        Why women entrepreneurship development?

·        Policy Framework for Women Entrepreneurship Development.

·        Challenges faced by women agro-entrepreneurs.

·        Strategies for development of women agro-entrepreneurs.

·        Conclusion.

Women’s Potentials in Entrepreneurial Skills

Women in general are naturally endowed with some exceptional abilities, which if properly harnessed for entrepreneurship purpose, could result in positive and enviable results. Women by nature;

v     Have creative abilities

v     Are blessed with ability to persist and pursue their desires

v     Are good and patient nurtures of children, and this tenacity is usually transferred into business

v     Are good innovators

v     Have ability to develop passion for what they believe in

Waton (undated) cited in Okara (2005) identified the basic requirements of an entrepreneur to include: hardwork, teamwork, commitment, appreciation, listening, high expectations, setting achievable goals. Women, by nature and exposure to family relationships, possess most of these qualities that are essential and can be enhanced for entrepreneurial success.

Why Women Entrepreneurship Development?

Many researchers have shown that poverty is a malady that incapacitates its victim economically and indirectly subject him/her to a state of destitution, voicelessness, powerlessness and even violence (World Bank 2000; Okojie, 2002) Unfortunately, the most affected sex by the above incapacitation are women and children. Statistics show that women are poorer than men. The UNDP (1995) estimated that, about 60% of the world-poors, are women. Women are poorer because they are more vulnerable economically.

The findings of Thane (1978), Showalter (1987) and Lewis and Piachered (1987) cited in Magaji (2004) showed that women have been the poor sex throughout the 20th Century and have formed a substantial majority of the poor since poverty was first recognized. On why women are the poorest sex, the physical strength of women and various challenges limit them to specific soft duties making it difficult to be enterprising. Entrepreneurship development therefore is a crucial tool for women’s economic empowerment.

The benefits derivable from empowering the women folk are far reaching, starting with family advancement and eventually touching on the national and global economic advancement. According to the Nigerian Minister of Women Affairs and Social Development, Hajiya H. S. Bungudu, the latest Nigerian census revealed that women constitute 49. 9% of the nation’s population; the underrepresentation of women (2%) in the nation’s development processes in finance, business and investment fronts renders 40% of the population inadequately positioned to contribute to the economic growth of the country. It is the nation that blends the strengths of women and men that will lead the world in development (Kiyosaki 1993) in the field of agriculture and other sectors.

Entrepreneurship or investing is not an exclusive reserve of any gender. Both women and men generate the same result provided they follow the principles of investment. Kiyosaki (1993) proves with statistical data in United States, that women are better investors than men. A year 2000 National Association of Investors Corporation (NAIC) study found that women-only clubs achieved average annual returns of 32% since 1951 versus 23% for men-only investment clubs. The verdict is; women know how to handle money and can be greater entrepreneurs than men if the various obstacles to development is removed or minimized.

Policy Framework for Women Entrepreneurship Development

There are neither policies nor strategies for entrepreneurship development that is specifically tailored to women (Olutunla, 2008). The Nigerian government’s policy of promoting entrepreneurship dated back to the early 1970s. The hope of promoting small scale enterprises to stimulate entrepreneurship was documented in the 2nd National Development Plan (1970-74). This policy continued in the 3rd (1975-80) and the 4th National Development Plan through various strategies of technical, financial and management of the small scale industries. The Federal Government’s concern for the menacing problem of mass unemployment in the mid-1980s spurred the setting up of the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) in 1986 and the Work For Yourself Programme (WFYP) in 1987. Both were essentially joint programmes of training and financial support to entrepreneurs. The NDE operations included three core programmes (i) Youth Employment and Vocational Skills Development Program (YEVSDP) (ii) agricultural programs (iii) the small scale industries and graduate employment scheme. The NDE, though starved of fund for some time, has achieved a lot in promoting employment, create wealth and alleviating women poverty. The Better Life for Rural Women Programme (BLRWP) initiative of a first lady of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Maryam Babangida, was an entrepreneurship development programme specifically for promoting education, health and economic development of women. It made unprecedented contribution to women through the cooperative organizations. The spirit of BLRWP is still operating today through the subsequent first ladies. A number of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) also came up to promote entrepreneurship development. Prominent amongst them was the Country Women Association of Nigeria (COWAN) which contributed immensely towards women entrepreneurship development through organization of many cooperatives and micro-credit schemes and in partnership with the United Nations.

The Role of Women in Agriculture

A significant amount of work has been carried out in developing countries on the potential of women in boosting food production. Boserup (1970) described Black Africa as the region of female farming par excellence. FAO (1982) estimated that the rural women contribute two-third of all the time that is put into traditional agriculture in Africa. Accat (1983) also pointed out that 80% of African women are engaged in agriculture. Patel and Antonio (1973) reported that 95% of the Yoruba women of the Southwestern Nigeria are engaged in farm works, growing yams, maize, tobacco and cassava, poultry and fish farming. They also participate in bush clearing, land preparation and weeding. In addition to their role in production, they are actively engaged in harvesting, processing and marketing of farm produce. The participation of Igbo men in nonfarm activities and waged employment has resulted in an increased workload for women in food crop production as well as a breakdown of the gender division of labor in agriculture. Igbo women now undertake some of the conventional male agricultural tasks in addition to those in the female domain (Ezumah and Di Domenico, 1995). The predominance of women in the small-scale fisheries post-harvest activities: micro-fish retailing, fish processing, fish distribution and marketing, make women the major players in the socio-economic development of the West African countries.

Despite women’s extensive and varied participation in agriculture, they continue to have less access to credit and modern agriculture inputs. Consequently, their farm works is labor-intensive, yields meager economic returns (Buvinie and Mehra, 1990) and operate mostly at subsistence level. International Labour Organization (ILO 2003) quoted in Akpera and Sunday (2008) reported that Nigerian and African women entrepreneurs in general are in the micro enterprise sector and almost invisible in the small and medium enterprise categories.

The Challenges of Nigerian Women Agro-Entrepreneurs

Some of the many obstacles that hinder women enterprise development, agribusiness growth and improved income earnings include;

1)    Finance

The greatest challenge for Nigerian women in agribusiness is lack of finance. Women in agribusiness need substantial finance both for start-up and expansion. Finance could be in form of equity or from external sources. Equity from informal sources includes personal savings, friends and relatives, traditional (esusu), professional and age-group associations as well as formal co-operative societies.

External finance is majorly from banks (specialized, development, commercial, etc), government agencies, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), international donors, etc. Entrepreneurs are expected to provide, in some cases, 25% of fund applied for and/or produce collaterals before accessing these external finances. It has been difficult for women to raise equity for own business because most women interested or engaged in farming earn low income. Many of the commercial or development banks are reluctant to grant agricultural loans due generally to the high agricultural risk factor or because they do not have competent assessors as in the case of fish farming. The high interest rate charged as well as the demand for collateral of landed property or other assets also compound the issue.

Currently, the Microfinance banks (MFB) are the government’s latest major organ of policy for entrepreneurship finance in Nigeria. In an ongoing research conducted recently, it was discovered that male to female application and approval by MFB are in the ratio 65% to 35%. This discrepancy was linked to women entrepreneurs approaching banks on an individual basis and lack of soundly written business plan and/or feasibility studies (Olutunla, 2008).

2)       Manpower and Education

The whole business be- it agricultural or any other, revolves around the entrepreneur (visionary) as she combines all other human, financial and material resources to create an enterprise of value. The chief executive of the business outfit must be knowledgeable to effectively mobilize resources to advantage. Agribusiness at small or medium scale is highly professional, technologically driven and require some level of education. Education not only provides basic knowledge and skills to improve health and Iivelihood, but it empowers women to take their rightful place in society and the development process (Fasokun 2000).

Entrepreneurial education seems to be the major key policy to promote entrepreneurship development for women in Nigeria. Entrepreneurship education should be inculcated into school curriculum at all levels. Research indicates that Small and Medium Enterprise Industrial Empowerment Scheme (SMEIES) operators ranked the reasons for failure of entrepreneurs’ application for loans and came up with reasons that range from bad feasibility studies, poor management skills, lack of proper accounting, poor character checks and attitudes among others. All these are challenges that can be remedied by entrepreneurship education. Even as the 93 approved Nigerian universities have adopted entrepreneurial studies, funds and the dearth of teachers to train the students has remained an obstacle.

A number of current training centers/programs are urban-based, for example, the Industrial Development Centers established in the 1960s are urban-based. Small Medium Entrepreneurial Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN) aimed at facilitating credit, technology markets, capacity building, training and technical support for SMEs and provide adequate linkage with women bodies is urban-based and starved of funds. Agribusiness is rural-based and better educated farmers are more likely to adopt new technologies and have access to credit and extension services (Adereti, 2000).

3)          Technology

Many women, due to lack of exposure and financial limitations, still make use of old technology in farming, processing and preservation thus leading to drudgery and low output.

4)    Cultural Restrictions/Weak Land Rights:

The Nigerian culture cannot be described as being gender friendly. For example, the “Kule” policy in the North where married women are forbidden from going out of the house in daylight for business is an initiative/development-killer policy that should be discouraged in this 21st Century. In Sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria, where women have prime responsibility for food production, they are generally limited to user rights to land and subject to the consent of a male relative (FAO, 1982). Culture and social practices discriminate against women to be enterprise successors/inheritors or own independent assets which could easily serve as collaterals. Such unequal land rights are reflected in the smaller land sizes of women farmers thus limiting them economically.

5)       Lack of Equipment and Appropriate Technology

Despite women’s extensive and varied participation in agriculture, they continue to have less access to modern agriculture inputs. Consequently, women agro-entrepreneurs work under very difficult and laborious conditions, using crude traditional technology. Technology is closely related to finance and education. Nigerian women entrepreneurs, especially in agriculture, work under very difficult and laborious conditions, using crude traditional technology. There is urgent need for provision of modern, cost effective and affordable technologies for the use of women.

Moreover, some new technology has often been inappropriate to women’s needs. There is a need to define some priority actions to promote the role of women in the economy because it has been showed that women are productive and efficient when they have access to the right technologies and opportunities.

6)       Erroneous Ideas about Women and Credit

There are certain myths about women in respect to credit which have made them to remain poor and limited their entrepreneurial prospects. One of such myths is that poor women make poor credit risks. This is being proved wrong as Olutunla (2008) reported that Nigerian women have been found to be more faithful in terms of loan repayment to Banks than men.

7)                Entrepreneurial Attitude

According to Akpa (2007), an average entrepreneur is rugged and aggressive. These are common attributes of men while most women are of the gentle and kind disposition. Men tend to focus on gettingthe job done while women tend to focus on being more inclusive and relational. If a woman entrepreneur is to succeed, she must adopt some level of ruggedness and aggressiveness. Success is not gender-friendly.

8)                   Research and Extension Services

For a long time, agronomic researchers do not pay attention to the role of women in the farming system. Research into the activities of women in agriculture is gaining attention only recently. A survey in Ogun State, Nigeria (Elabor-Idemudia, 1991) and Osun State, Nigeria (Ogbimi and Williams, 1999) revealed that Extension Agents visited between 7-10% of women farmers every week compared to 70% of the male farmers who received weekly visits. An FAO (1989) study found government investment on agriculture represented less than half the sector’s contribution to national income, therefore, it is reasonable to guess that women’s access to extension services and training especially in the area of fish farming, processing, packaging, distribution and marketing are unlikely to improve when the overall funding and availability of services is declining.

9)          Misplaced Focus

Many agricultural projects and programs are not suited to the special circumstances of women or may not reach women at all, thus truncating the intended effort to increase food production.

10)      Market and Marketing

Due to lack of good roads in Nigeria, electricity, poor access to information and poor networking, many farm produce perish thus discouraging women farmers.

Strategies for Women Agro-Entrepreneurship Development

·                    The complementary policy issues in entrepreneurship education should include increasing women enrolment in schools at all levels especially in the field of agriculture to reduce gender inequality. Budgetary allocation should be made to accommodate more continuing and vocational education.

·                    More seminars/workshops should be sponsored and extended to rural areas to increase women’s capacity to start and grow their agribusiness, prepare sound business plan/feasibility studies and increase their technical and managerial capacity in agribusiness.

·        Modern processing plants/storage facilities should be installed for women groups on government/private joint partnership basis so that women can process and store their farm produce with ease.

·        The enabling environment in terms of gender-friendly policies, good roads, pipe-borne water and electricity should be provided by the various arms of government.

·        Cooperatives and women groups should be more formally instituted and encouraged among women to position them strategically to access fund and other inputs with ease.

·        The Government should mandate the commercial Banks to produce more gender-friendly loan packages (low interest rates and more relaxed duration of repayment).

·        Women should be exposed to the latest agro-technology from time to time to remove drudgery in farming, processing and preservation techniques.

·        Nigerian women should be encouraged to network more, both at the national and international levels for more exposure, to access fund and export information.

·        Agro-extension institutions should be boosted and more women extension agents be trained to reduce women to extension workers ratio and for wider coverage of women agriculturists.

Conclusion

Nigeria’s vision of becoming one of the top twenty leading economies of the world by the year 2020, otherwise known simply as vision 20:20 appears compelling enough to energize its over 150 million people (nearly half of which are women) to make the vision a reality. To accomplish this laudable goal, there is urgent need to pay attention to the development of agro-women entrepreneurs so that they can take their place in family advancement and national economic development. The government and development/change agencies must not only be prepared to recognize the economic role of the women but must also extend to them the same recognition and facilities as the men are enjoying.

Power in Social Life

What does power do in most social situations? The answer is power influences, steers and regulates social behavior, opinions, attitudes, goals, needs and values of the powerless as desired by the powerful (Lewin, 1951; Thibaut & Kelley, 1959, Overbeck & Park, 2001). Take note, that the Powerful (power holders) influences, steers and regulates the powerless (any person). The use and misuse of power to influence, steer and regulate social behavior can be seen from the examples of high profile persons in public offices to the private employer of maids (Kipnis, Castcll, Gergen, & Mauch, 1976). If the use or misuse of power can involve any target person, why is the question of social empowerment of women alone being discussed here?

The author agrees that social empowerment is relevant for all powerless persons but especially more relevant for women and children. The greater urgency for social empowerment of women is for two reasons. Firstly, women are still the unequal partner in terms of being power holders with men in many areas of humanity. The symptoms of misuse of power to the disadvantage of women can be seen in the blatant and despicable cultural example of honor violence and killings for the purpose of protecting male honor and female fidelity (Wilson & Daly, 1992).   Violence and killings based on the right and protection of male honor is a classic example of the misuse of collective power against women. The author regards honor based violence and killings as criminal in nature and an excuse to practice collective violence and murder. Any religious, moral or cultural sanction does not alter the objective reality of violence and murder. Secondly, children are mostly dependent on women for their nurturance and survival. Thus, by socially empowering women, the chance of the dependent children being cared for is higher in the process.

Many countries in North Africa, Asia, and South America  still caught between archaic tradition and modernity. In advanced countries the progress in women’s position have different perceptions but still discriminate among women. To see the truth about these perceptions, look at percentages of women in administrative and managerial leadership position, and wages. In these countries,  women always find themselves in a state of dependency, or let us say submission in some countries, and sharing under democratic systems. This is true in many countries where women’s rights are significantly developed, but where men are still heads of families and departments of the important decision making positions in social, political and economic spheres.

In most cultures, women are used to being placed in the “background”. A second to man, especially in systems founded on gender differentiation, where men mainly have social, economic, political and sexual privileges. In other words they have “power” over women, women being confined to the private sphere, to easily broken personality, emotionally and intellectually.  Men keeping for themselves the noble sphere of public life to have responsibility to feed and control them. This remains the case in most societies  despite some progress towards women’s rights to participate in social and political affairs. The situation may be, of North African and the Middle East for instance, inspite of developing women issues in a positive way in the last few decades. Since their declarations of independence, proclaimed in the second half of last centutury,  Some  countries have adopted positive legal texts in favour of women. Legislation recognises rights equally to women and men in theory, and there is, at the legal level, which is understood partly of no discrimination between sexes. Because in practice, discriminatory texts still exist, the reality of women position did  not change much. Taking into consideration the  low level of literacy among women which sometimes reach 70% promotes that position negaitively.

In most Arab and Muslim societies  women, especially Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Libya, Algeria and Morocco, cultural systems remain in inferior situations. Thus, we can say that Arab and Muslim societies, trapped between the ways of life and customs of archaism in one side, and  modernity in the other toward women, where  ambiguity  and injustice are practiced widely. The position of women in the society and in mentalities remains anachronistic, since the initial principle remains that women depend on men, in what the Muslim societies know that  “al-Rijalu Qawwamuna ala al-Nisa’” . Interpretation of such saying makes people dogmatic toward women, because they believe that God does not lie. And Qur’an is the supreme source of morality. The cultural ways and perceptions toward women among Muslim and most Arab societies still find sources for backward positions,  while the objective of such sayings is not the cultural interpretation of the source, but interpretation of people mentalities to deal with women.

In many countries, women’s rights are significantly developed according to social change and progressive political systems, but  some inequalities between men and women encouraged to survive. The  women, in the region,  like all women on earth are discriminated against, with different levels of discrimination, where women  take half a man’s share of an inheritance according to Islam, and have less managerial and administrative in the advanced societies. In addition to sexual exploitation of women. In Many of both advanced and developing societies,  verbal repudiation in divorce (talaq) and polygamy or separation and having more than one girlfriend are maintained.

Among different factors determining identities and belongings of each individual, religion has a significant role. We must consider what the weight and influence of religious ideologies may be on the participation of Muslim women in political life and decision making. Certain other questions may apply: for instance, to what extent do reforms introduced in legal texts and especially in family codes of the these countries translate to a larger participation of women in political life? What is the position of Islamist parties towards the involvement of women in social and political bodies? And finally, what is the role of the political system dealing with these issues? The answer to these questions needs establishing factors to change men’s perceptions before accepting women as a more than half of the society everywhere, Because as one put it, women constitue half of the society and teach the other half. Thus the need cries for free-thinkers depend only on reason to find facts rather than emotions which the Arab and Muslim world still swimming in. The world is in serious need to distinguish between the needs of women and wishes of men or vise versa, in every society on earth to curb such discrimination.